銆€銆€MCU鑺墖锛屽嵆寰帶鍒跺柈鍏�(Microcontroller Unit)锛岄€氬父琚ū鐐哄柈鐗囨(j墨)銆�

銆€銆€閫欐槸涓€绋泦鎴愰浕璺�锛屽畠灏囦腑澶檿鐞嗗櫒(CPU)銆佸収(n猫i)瀛樸€佽▓(j矛)鏁�(sh霉)鍣�銆乁SB鎺ュ彛銆佹ā鎿�/鏁�(sh霉)瀛楄綁(zhu菐n)鎻涘櫒(A/D)銆侀€氱敤鐣版鎺ユ敹/鐧�(f膩)閫佸櫒(UART)銆佸彲绶ㄧ▼閭忚集鎺у埗鍣�(PLC)銆佺洿鎺ュ瓨鍎�(ch菙)鍣ㄨí鍟�(DMA)绛夊懆閭婃帴鍙�锛屼互鍙婂彲鑳藉寘鎷琇CD椹�(q奴)鍕�(d貌ng)闆昏矾鍦ㄥ収(n猫i)鐨勫绋甀/O鎺ュ彛闆嗘垚鍦ㄥ柈涓€鑺墖涓�锛屽緸鑰屽舰鎴愪竴鍊�(g猫)鑺墖绱�(j铆)鐨勮▓(j矛)绠楁(j墨)绯荤当(t菕ng)銆傞€欑ó鑺墖鐐轰笉鍚岀殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄥ牬鏅彁渚涗簡楂樺害闈堟椿鍜屽皥闁€鍖栫殑鎺у埗瑙ｆ焙鏂规锛屽唬娉涙噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄤ簬鎵嬫(j墨)銆丳C澶栧湇瑷�(sh猫)鍌�銆侀仚鎺у櫒銆佹苯杌婇浕瀛愯ō(sh猫)鍌欍€�宸ユキ(y猫)鑷嫊(d貌ng)鍖�(濡傛閫�(j矛n)棣仈(d谩)鍜屾(j墨)鍣ㄦ墜鑷�)绛夊鍊�(g猫)闋�(l菒ng)鍩�銆�

銆€銆€寰帶鍒跺柈鍏�(Microcontroller Unit;MCU) 锛屽張绋卞柈鐗囧井鍨嬭▓(j矛)绠楁(j墨)(Single Chip Microcomputer )鎴栬€呭柈鐗囨(j墨)锛屾槸涓€绋嚌灏�(du矛)鐗瑰畾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ殑鎺у埗铏曠悊鑰岃ō(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)鐨勫井铏曠悊鍣ㄨ姱鐗�锛屽叾宸ヤ綔闋荤巼(鍦�1MHz鍒�200 MHz)鍜屽姛鑰椾竴鑸瘮PC鍜屾墜姗�(j墨)鐨凜PU/MPU閮借浣�?锛孎(xi脿n)浠婄殑MCU閮芥槸绯荤当(t菕ng)绱�(j铆)鑺墖(SoC)锛屽湪鍠€�(g猫)鑺墖涓婇泦鎴愪簡澶氱ó鍔熻兘妯″鍜屾帴鍙�锛屽寘鎷瓨鍎�(ch菙)鍣�銆両/O绔彛銆佹檪(sh铆)閻�銆丄/D杞�(zhu菐n)鎻�銆丳WM绛�锛屼互鍙奡PI銆両2C銆両SP绛夋暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)鍌宠几鎺ュ彛銆�

銆€銆€MCU鏄妸涓ぎ铏曠悊鍣�(Central Process Unit;CPU)鐨勯牷鐜囪垏瑕�(gu墨)鏍煎仛閬╃暥(d膩ng)绺笡锛屽苟灏囧収(n猫i)瀛�(memory)銆佽▓(j矛)鏁�(sh霉)鍣�(Timer)銆乁SB銆丄/D杞�(zhu菐n)鎻涖€乁ART銆丳LC銆丏MA绛夊懆閭婃帴鍙�锛岀敋鑷矻CD椹�(q奴)鍕�(d貌ng)闆昏矾閮芥暣鍚堝湪鍠竴鑺墖涓�锛屽舰鎴愯姱鐗囩礆(j铆)鐨勮▓(j矛)绠楁(j墨)锛岀偤涓嶅悓鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄥ牬鍚堝仛涓嶅悓绲勫悎鎺у埗銆傝濡傛墜姗�(j墨)銆丳C澶栧湇銆侀仚鎺у櫒锛岃嚦姹借粖闆诲瓙銆佸伐妤�(y猫)涓婄殑姝ラ€�(j矛n)棣仈(d谩)銆佹(j墨)鍣ㄦ墜鑷傜殑鎺у埗绛夛紝閮藉彲瑕嬪埌MCU鐨勮韩褰�銆傛寜鐓т綅鏁�(sh霉)渚嗗妰鍒�锛孧CU鍙垎鐐�4浣�銆�8浣�銆�16浣�銆�32浣嶅拰64浣嶅井铏曠悊鍣�锛岀従(xi脿n)鍦�32浣峂CU宸茬稉(j墨ng)鎴愮偤涓绘祦锛屾鍦ㄩ€愭几鏇夸唬閬庡幓鐢�8/16浣峂CU涓诲皫(d菐o)鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄥ拰甯傚牬銆傝嫢鎸夌収鎸囦护闆嗘灦妲�(g貌u)(ISA)渚嗗妰鍒嗭紝MCU椤炲瀷鍖呮嫭8051銆丄rm銆丮IPS銆丷ISC-V銆丳OWER绛夊井铏曠悊鍣�?锛涱媱璐弐m Cortex-M绯诲垪鍏�(n猫i)鏍窱P鐨凪CU宸茬稉(j墨ng)鎴愮偤32浣峂CU鐨勫競鍫翠富娴侊紝鏈€杩戝咕骞撮枊婧愮殑RISC-V寰檿鐞嗗櫒涔熼枊濮嬫祦琛岃捣渚�锛岀壒鍒ユ槸鍦ㄦ柊鑸堢殑鐗╄伅(li谩n)缍�(w菐ng)闋�(l菒ng)鍩�銆�

銆€銆€MCU鑺墖鏄寚寰帶鍒跺櫒鑺墖锛屼篃绋辩偤鍠墖姗�(j墨)鑺墖銆傚畠鏄竴绋泦鎴愪簡涓ぎ铏曠悊鍣�(CPU)銆佸瓨鍎�(ch菙)鍣�(ROM銆丷AM)鍜屽悇绋瑷�(sh猫)鎺ュ彛(濡傝几鍏ヨ几鍑哄紩鑵炽€佸畾鏅�(sh铆)鍣�銆佷覆鍙ｇ瓑)鐨勯泦鎴愰浕璺�銆�

銆€銆€閫氫織鍦拌锛孧CU鑺墖灏卞儚鏄竴鍊�(g猫)灏忓瀷鐨勯浕鑵�锛屽収(n猫i)閮ㄩ泦鎴愪簡铏曠悊鍣�銆佸収(n猫i)瀛樺拰鍚勭ó鍔熻兘妯″銆傚畠鏄竴绋皥闁€瑷�(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)鐢ㄤ簬鎺у埗鍜屽煼(zh铆)琛岀壒瀹氫换鍕�(w霉)鐨勮姱鐗�锛屽父鐢ㄤ簬鍚勭ó闆诲瓙瑷�(sh猫)鍌欏拰宓屽叆寮忕郴绲�(t菕ng)涓€�

銆€銆€鑸囧偝绲�(t菕ng)鐨勯€氱敤寰檿鐞嗗櫒(濡傞浕鑵︿腑鐨凜PU)鐩告瘮锛孧CU鑺墖鏇村姞绨″柈鍜屽皥鐢�銆傚畠閫氬父鐢ㄤ簬鍩�(zh铆)琛岀壒瀹氱殑浠诲嫏(w霉)锛屼緥濡傛帶鍒跺闆汇€佽嚜鍕�(d貌ng)鍖栫郴绲�(t菕ng)銆佹櫤鑳借ō(sh猫)鍌�銆佹苯杌婇浕瀛�銆侀啱(y墨)鐧傝ō(sh猫)鍌欑瓑銆傜敱浜庡叾闆嗘垚搴﹂珮銆佸姛鑰椾綆銆侀珨绌嶅皬绛夌壒榛�(di菐n)锛孧CU鑺墖寤ｆ硾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄤ簬鍚勭ó鐗╄伅(li谩n)缍�(w菐ng)瑷�(sh猫)鍌欏拰宓屽叆寮忕郴绲�(t菕ng)涓�銆�

銆€銆€MCU鑺墖鍏锋湁浠ヤ笅鐗归粸(di菐n)锛�

銆€銆€闆嗘垚搴﹂珮锛歁CU鑺墖鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄩ泦鎴愪簡铏曠悊鍣�銆佸瓨鍎�(ch菙)鍣ㄥ拰澶栬ō(sh猫)鎺ュ彛绛夊鍊�(g猫)鍔熻兘妯″锛屼娇寰楁暣鍊�(g猫)绯荤当(t菕ng)鍦ㄤ竴鍊�(g猫)灏忓皬鐨勮姱鐗囦笂瀹屾垚銆�

銆€銆€浣庡姛鑰楋細MCU鑺墖閫氬父閲囩敤浣庡姛鑰楄ō(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)锛屼互寤堕暦闆绘睜澹藉懡鎴栫瘈(ji茅)绱勮兘婧愩€�

銆€銆€瀵�(sh铆)鏅�(sh铆)鎬ц兘寮�(qi谩ng)锛歁CU鑺墖閫氬父闇€瑕佸(sh铆)鏅�(sh铆)鍦伴熆鎳�(y墨ng)澶栭儴浜嬩欢鍜屼俊铏�(h脿o)锛屽叿鍌欒純楂樼殑瀵�(sh铆)鏅�(sh铆)鎬ц兘鍜岄熆鎳�(y墨ng)閫熷害銆�

銆€銆€绨″柈鏄撶敤锛歁CU鑺墖鎻愪緵浜嗚睈瀵岀殑闁嬬櫦(f膩)宸ュ叿鍜岄枊鐧�(f膩)鐠�(hu谩n)澧�锛屼娇寰楅枊鐧�(f膩)鑰呰兘澶犺紩鏉剧法绋嬪拰闁嬬櫦(f膩)鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€�

銆€銆€鎴愭湰鏁堢泭楂橈細鐢变簬闆嗘垚搴﹂珮銆佸姛鑳藉皥涓€鍖�锛孧CU鑺墖鐩稿皪(du矛)杓冧究瀹�锛岄仼鐢ㄤ簬澶ц(gu墨)妯℃噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄥ拰鎴愭湰鏁忔劅鐨勯爡(xi脿ng)鐩€�

銆€銆€鍦嬪収(n猫i)鍎�(y艒u)绉€鐨勫柈鐗囨(j墨)渚涙噳(y墨ng)鍟嗘湁瀹囧嚒寰�锛屾彁渚�8浣�銆�32浣峬cu渚涙噳(y墨ng)鍜宮cu鏂规闁嬬櫦(f膩)锛岀附鐨勪締瑾�锛孧CU鑺墖鏄竴绋泦鎴愪簡铏曠悊鍣ㄣ€佸瓨鍎�(ch菙)鍣ㄥ拰澶栬ō(sh猫)鎺ュ彛绛夊姛鑳界殑灏堢敤鑺墖锛屽父鐢ㄤ簬鍚勭ó闆诲瓙瑷�(sh猫)鍌欏拰宓屽叆寮忕郴绲�(t菕ng)涓�銆傚畠鍏锋湁闆嗘垚搴﹂珮銆佸姛鑰椾綆銆佸(sh铆)鏅�(sh铆)鎬ц兘寮�(qi谩ng)鍜屾垚鏈晥鐩婇珮绛夌壒榛�(di菐n)锛岀偤鍚勭ó鏅鸿兘瑷�(sh猫)鍌欏拰鐗╄伅(li谩n)缍�(w菐ng)鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄦ彁渚涗簡寮�(qi谩ng)澶х殑鎺у埗鍜屽煼(zh铆)琛岃兘鍔�銆�

銆€銆€杩戝勾渚�锛屽彈鐩婁簬鐗╄伅(li谩n)缍�(w菐ng)蹇€熺櫦(f膩)灞曘€佸伐妤�(y猫)4.0灏�(du矛)鑷嫊(d貌ng)鍖栬ō(sh猫)鍌欓渶姹傜殑澧為暦鍙婃苯杌婇浕瀛愭徊閫忕巼鐨勬彁鍗囩瓑鍥犵礌褰遍熆锛孧CU鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄩ牁(l菒ng)鍩熶笉鏂锋摯(ku貌)澶э紝鍏ㄧ悆MCU甯傚牬瑕�(gu墨)妯′篃涓嶆柗澧為暦銆�

銆€銆€MCU鑺墖宸茬稉(j墨ng)寤ｆ硾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄤ簬鍚勭ó闆诲瓙瑷�(sh猫)鍌�锛屽寘鎷苯杌�銆佸伐妤�(y猫)銆侀浕淇�銆侀啱(y墨)鐧傚拰娑堣不(f猫i)闆诲瓙绛夛紝鍏朵腑姹借粖甯傚牬鍗犳摎(j霉)30.13%鐨勪唤椤�銆傝粖瑕�(gu墨)绱�(j铆)MCU鑺墖鏄苯杌婇浕瀛愪笉鍙垨缂虹殑鏍稿績鍏冨櫒浠躲€�

銆€銆€浠婂ぉ鎴戝€戝氨渚嗕簡瑙ｄ竴涓嬩粈涔堟槸MCU锛屽叾鍦ㄦ櫤鑳介浕鍕�(d貌ng)姹借粖鐢�(ch菐n)妤�(y猫)涓湁鍝簺鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄥ憿?寰帶鍒跺柈鍏�锛岃嫳鏂囩偤Microcontroller Unit锛岀啊绋盡CU锛屽張绋卞柈鐗囧井鍨嬭▓(j矛)绠楁(j墨)(Single Chip Microcomputer )鎴栧柈鐗囨(j墨)锛屾槸鎶婁腑澶檿鐞嗗櫒(Central Process Unit;CPU)鐨勯牷鐜囪垏瑕�(gu墨)鏍煎仛閬╃暥(d膩ng)绺笡锛屽苟灏囧収(n猫i)瀛�(memory)銆佽▓(j矛)鏁�(sh霉)鍣�(Timer)銆乁SB銆丄/D杞�(zhu菐n)鎻�銆乁ART銆丳LC銆丏MA绛夊懆閭婃帴鍙�锛岀敋鑷矻CD椹�(q奴)鍕�(d貌ng)闆昏矾閮芥暣鍚堝湪鍠竴鑺墖涓�锛屽舰鎴愯姱鐗囩礆(j铆)瑷�(j矛)绠楁(j墨)锛岀偤涓嶅悓鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄥ牬鍚堝仛涓嶅悓绲勫悎鎺у埗銆侻CU涓昏鐢变腑澶檿鐞嗗櫒CPU銆佸瓨鍎�(ch菙)鍣�(ROM鍜孯AM)銆佽几鍏ヨ几鍑篒/O鎺ュ彛銆佷覆琛屽彛銆佽▓(j矛)鏁�(sh霉)鍣ㄧ瓑妲�(g貌u)鎴�銆�

銆€銆€CPU锛欳entral Processing Unit锛屼腑澶檿鐞嗗櫒锛屾槸 MCU 鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄧ殑鏍稿績閮ㄤ欢锛岄亱(y霉n)绠楅儴浠惰兘瀹屾垚鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)鐨勭畻琛�(sh霉)閭忚集閬�(y霉n)绠�銆佷綅璁婇噺铏曠悊鍜屾暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)鍌抽€佹搷浣滐紝鎺у埗閮ㄤ欢鍓囨寜鐓т竴瀹氭檪(sh铆)搴忓崝(xi茅)瑾�(di脿o)宸ヤ綔锛屽垎鏋愬苟鍩�(zh铆)琛屾寚浠�銆�

銆€銆€ROM锛歊ead-Only Memory锛屾槸绋嬪簭瀛樺劜(ch菙)鍣�锛岀敤渚嗗瓨鏀剧敱鍒堕€犲粻瀹跺濂界殑绋嬪簭锛屼俊鎭互闈炵牬澹炴柟寮忚畝鍙�锛屾墍淇濆瓨鐨勬暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)鍦ㄦ帀闆绘檪(sh铆)涓嶆渻(hu矛)娑堝け锛孧CU鏍规摎(j霉)闋�(y霉)鍏堢法鍒剁殑绋嬪簭閫�(j矛n)琛岃檿鐞�銆�

銆€銆€RAM锛歊andom Access Memory锛屾槸鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)瀛樺劜(ch菙)鍣�锛岃垏 CPU 鐩存帴閫�(j矛n)琛屾暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)浜ゆ彌锛屾帀闆诲悗瑭叉暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)涓嶈兘淇濇寔銆傜▼搴忛亱(y霉n)琛屾檪(sh铆)鍙毃鏅�(sh铆)瀵拰璁€锛屼竴鑸敤浣滄搷浣滅郴绲�(t菕ng)鎴栬€呭叾浠栭亱(y霉n)琛岀▼搴忚嚚鏅�(sh铆)鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)瀛樺劜(ch菙)浠嬭唱(zh矛)銆�

銆€銆€鎸夌敤閫斺€斺€斿彲鍒嗙偤閫氱敤鍨婱CU鍜屽皥鐢ㄥ瀷MCU锛屽叾涓€氱敤鍨嬫槸鎸囧皣鍙枊鐧�(f膩)鐨勮硣婧�(ROM銆丷AM銆両/O銆� EPROM)绛夊叏閮ㄦ彁渚涚郸鐢ㄦ埗鐨凪CU;灏堢敤鍨婱CU鏄寚纭欢鍙婃寚浠ゆ槸鎸夌収鏌愮ó鐗瑰畾鐢ㄩ€旇€岃ō(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)锛屼緥濡傞寗闊虫(j墨)姗�(j墨)鑺帶鍒跺櫒銆佹墦鍗版(j墨)鎺у埗鍣ㄣ€�闆绘(j墨)鎺у埗鍣ㄧ瓑銆�

銆€銆€鎸夊叾鍩烘湰鎿嶄綔铏曠悊鐨勬暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)浣嶆暩(sh霉)鈥斺€旀牴鎿�(j霉)绺界窔鎴栨暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)鏆瓨鍣ㄧ殑瀵害锛屽柈鐗囨(j墨)鍙堝垎鐐�1浣�銆�4浣�銆�8浣�銆�16浣�銆�32浣嶇敋鑷�64浣嶅柈鐗囨(j墨)銆�

銆€銆€鎸夊瓨鍎�(ch菙)鍣ㄩ鍨嬧€斺€斿彲鍒嗙偤鐒＄墖鍏�(n猫i)ROM鍨嬪拰甯剁墖鍏�(n猫i)ROM鍨嬪叐绋�銆�

銆€銆€鎸夊瓨鍎�(ch菙)鍣ㄧ祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鈥斺€擬CU鏍规摎(j霉)鍏跺瓨鍎�(ch菙)鍣ㄧ祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙垎鐐哄搱浣�(Harvard)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜岄Ξ?璜句緷鏇�(Von Neumann)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�

銆€銆€鎸夋寚浠ょ祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鈥斺€旀牴鎿�(j霉)鎸囦护绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙堝彲鍒嗙偤CISC(Complex Instruction Set Computer,寰�(f霉)闆滄寚浠ら泦瑷�(j矛)绠楁(j墨))鍜孯ISC(Reduced Instruction Set Comuter,绮剧啊鎸囦护闆嗚▓(j矛)绠楁(j墨)寰帶鍒跺櫒)