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闂�(gu膩n)閸佃锛�鍦栧儚璀樺垾锛涚窗绮掑害鍒嗛锛涚矖妯欑敖绱勬潫锛�

1.寮曡█

绱扮矑搴﹀垎椤炴棬鍦ㄥ崁(q奴)鍒嗛潪甯哥浉浼肩殑椤炲垾锛屼緥濡傞偿[1,2]銆佺嫍[3]鍜岃姳[4]銆傞€欎簺浠诲嫏(w霉)鑸囧偝绲�(t菕ng)鐨勫湒鍍忓垎椤瀃5]涓嶅悓锛屽洜鐐哄畠鍊戦渶瑕佸皥瀹剁礆鐭ヨ瓨鎵嶈兘鎵惧埌椤炲垾涔嬮枔鐨勭窗寰樊鍒�銆傜窗绮掑害鍒嗛鍦ㄨū澶氶牁(l菒ng)鍩熷叿鏈夊唬娉涚殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛屽锛氫互鍦栨悳鍦�銆佸湒鍍忕敓鎴愬拰姗熷櫒鏁欏(xu茅)[6]銆�

澶ч儴鍒嗗凡鏈夌殑绱扮矑搴﹀垎椤炴墍浣跨敤鐨勭洠(ji膩n)鐫ｄ俊鎭寘鎷鍒ユ绨斤紝闋�(y霉)鍏堢郸瀹氱殑鍊欓伕妗�銆傛垜鍊戠櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鎵€鏈夌殑鏂规硶閮戒娇鐢ㄤ竴鍊嬪€嬬崹绔嬬殑椤炲垾妯欑敖浣滅偤鐩�(ji膩n)鐫ｄ俊鎭�锛岃€岀窗绮掑害鍒嗛鐨勯鍒ュ湪鐢熺墿鍒嗛瀛�(xu茅)涓婂瓨鍦ㄥ緢寮风殑鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鎬�锛岀従(xi脿n)鏈夌殑椤炲垾妯欑敖鐒℃硶琛ㄩ仈閫欑ó鐢熺墿鍒嗛瀛�(xu茅)涓婄殑鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鎬с€�

鐩墠娴佽鐨勭敓鐗╁垎椤炲(xu茅)鏂规硶锛屾槸鏈夊堡娆�銆佹湁绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勩€傛垜鍊戜互槌ュ垎椤炵偤渚�锛岄偿椤炰笅闈㈡湁鐩�銆佺銆佸爆銆佺ó銆傚湪绱扮矑搴﹀垎椤炰腑锛屾垜鍊戦€氬父鏄瓨鍒モ€滅ó鈥�锛岃€屼笉鏄墍灏嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勨€滅鈥濆拰鈥滃爆鈥�銆傞€欏付绲︽垜鍏╁€嬫€濊€冿細棣栧厛锛岃兘鍚﹀埄鐢ㄧ敓鐗╁垎椤炲(xu茅)鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)淇℃伅渚嗕績閫茬窗绮掑害鍒嗛锛涚浜�銆佸浣曞鐝�(xi脿n)銆�

鏈枃寰為潪?锛涱姠闀滆喍鐢ㄥ⿰鍗箚鏉鹃矞榘炶摎鈧晱椤屻€傛垜鍊戞彁鍑轰簡涓€绋柊鐨勭矖妯欑敖琛ㄧず锛涘拰鐩告噳(y墨ng)鐨勪唬鍍瑰嚱鏁�(sh霉)渚嗗埄鐢ㄩ€欑ó绮楁绨界洠(ji膩n)鐫ｄ俊鎭�銆傛垜鍊戞妸甯哥敤鐨勯鍒ユ绨界ū涔嬬偤绱版绨斤紝浠ヨ〃绀轰竴鍊嬪€嬬崹绔嬮鍒�锛涜€岀矖妯欑敖鍓囨槸澶氬€嬬崹绔嬮鍒ョ殑鍏卞悓妯欑敖銆傜矖妯欑敖琛ㄧず鐨勬€濊矾渚嗘簮浜庡妯欑敖瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)[7,8]锛岄€欑ó绮楁绨藉彲浠ヨ〃绀洪鍒ヤ箣闁撶殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屽寘鎷矖妯欑敖鍜岀窗妯欑敖涔嬮枔鐨勭埗瀛愰棞(gu膩n)绯伙紝灞簬鐩稿悓绮楁绨界殑涓嶅悓绱版绨戒箣闁撶殑鍏勫紵闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆備唬鍍瑰嚱鏁�(sh霉)鍒╃敤閫欎竴绮楁绨界洠(ji膩n)鐫ｄ俊鎭�锛屽皣绱版绨藉垎椤炵殑閷绱勬潫鍦ㄦ洿灏忕殑鍗€(q奴)闁�锛岄€茶€屾敼鍠勫垎椤炴簴纰虹巼銆傞€氶亷鎴戝€戞柊鐨勭矖妯欑敖琛ㄧず鍜屼唬鍍瑰嚱鏁�(sh霉)锛屾垜鍊戝彲浠ュ湪鐝�(xi脿n)鏈夌恫(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鍩虹(ch菙)涓婂鐝�(xi脿n)1-7鍊嬬櫨鍒嗛粸鐨勫垎椤炴€ц兘鎻愬崌銆傞€欑ó鏂规硶涓嶆渻鏀硅畩鍘熷妯″瀷鐨勫ぇ灏�锛屼篃涓嶆渻澧炲姞椤嶅鐨勮〒(x霉n)绶存檪闁�銆�

鏈枃鐨勪富瑕佽并鐛诲彲浠ユ鎷涓嬶細

鎴戝€戞彁鍑轰簡涓€绋柊鐨勭矖妯欑敖琛ㄧず锛岄€欑ó琛ㄧず鏂规硶鍙互琛ㄩ仈鍑轰笉鍚岄鍒ュ湪鐢熺墿鍒嗛瀛�(xu茅)涓婄殑鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鎬с€�

鎴戝€戞彁鍑轰簡涓€绋柊鐨勪唬鍍瑰嚱鏁�(sh霉)锛屼締鍒╃敤閫欑ó绮楁绨界洠(ji膩n)鐫ｄ俊鎭�銆�

鎴戝€戝湪涓夊€嬬窗绮掑害鍒嗛鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)搴紙CUB[1][1][1][1],StanfordDogs,NABirds锛�,銆佷竴鍊嬪父瑕�(gu墨)鍦栧儚鍒嗛鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)搴紙CIFAR-100锛変笂閫茶浜嗗ぇ閲忓椹�锛岀嵅寰椾簡1-7鍊嬬櫨鍒嗛粸鐨勬€ц兘鎻愬崌銆�

鏈枃鍓╀笅閮ㄥ垎鐨勭祫绻斿涓嬶細绗簩閮ㄥ垎浠嬬垂鐩搁棞(gu膩n)宸ヤ綔锛涚涓夐儴鍒嗕粙绱规湰鏂囨彁鍑虹殑鏂规硶锛涚鍥涢儴鍒嗕粙绱归噰鐢ㄧ殑鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)搴垏缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鏋舵(g貌u)锛涚浜旈儴鍒嗕粙绱瑰椹楃祼(ji茅)鏋滆垏鍒嗘瀽锛涚鍏儴鍒嗘槸绺界祼(ji茅)銆�

2.鐩搁棞(gu膩n)宸ヤ綔

2.1绱扮矑搴﹀垎椤�

绱扮矑搴﹀垎椤炵殑鏂规硶涓昏渚濊炒浜庡眬閮ㄩ儴浠跺畾浣嶅拰鏇存湁鍒ゅ垾鍔涚殑鐗瑰緛鎻愬彇鍣�銆傜窗绮掑害鍒嗛浠诲嫏(w霉)鑸囧偝绲�(t菕ng)鍒嗛浠诲嫏(w霉)涔嬮枔鐨勬渶澶у崁(q奴)鍒�锛屾槸绱扮矑搴﹂鍒ヤ箣闁撳樊鐣伴潪甯哥窗寰�銆備互槌ュ垎椤炵偤渚�锛屼笉鍚岄鍒ョ殑鍗€(q奴)鍒ュ彲鑳芥槸缈呰唨椤忚壊涓嶅悓锛屽眬閮ㄧ窗绡€(ji茅)鐨勫樊鐣版垚鐐哄奖闊垮垎椤炵殑閲嶈鍥犵礌锛涘洜姝ゆ垜鍊戜娇鐢ㄥ湒鍍忕殑灞€閮ㄤ俊鎭締骞姪鍒嗛锛屼緥濡傞€氶亷椤嶅铏曠悊槌ョ殑闋儴鍜岃粈骞瞇9-12]锛屼互鎻愰珮鏁撮珨鍒嗛鎬ц兘锛涙垨鑰呭熀浜庢敞鎰忓姏姗熷埗[13,14]鎻愰珮鎬ц兘銆備娇鐢ㄦ洿鏈夊垽鍒ュ姏鐨勭壒寰佹彁鍙栧櫒灏嶄簬绱扮矑搴﹀垎椤炰篃鏄嚦闂�(gu膩n)閲嶈鐨�銆傜敱浜庡嵎绌嶇缍�(j墨ng)缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)[15,16]鍦ㄥ偝绲�(t菕ng)鍦栧儚鍒嗛涓殑鎴愬姛锛屼娇寰楀井瑾�(di脿o)闋�(y霉)瑷�(x霉n)绶存ā鍨嬫垚鐐轰竴鍊嬮潪甯告湁鏁堢殑鏂规硶銆傛澶�锛岄泦鎴愬(xu茅)缈�(x铆)[17]鐨勬柟娉曘€佹柊鐨勭壒寰佺法纰兼柟娉昜18,19]閮藉湪绱扮矑搴﹀垎椤炰笂鍙栧緱浜嗕竴瀹氱殑鏁堟灉锛涢€欎簺宸ヤ綔鍦ㄦ湭渚嗛兘鏈夊彲鑳借垏鎴戝€戠殑鏂规硶鐩哥祼(ji茅)鍚�銆�

2.2閬风Щ瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)

鍦↖mageNet[5]鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆嗕笂闋�(y霉)瑷�(x霉n)绶寸殑缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)妯″瀷宸茶寤ｆ硾鐢ㄤ簬閬风Щ瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)銆傞爯(y霉)瑷�(x霉n)绶寸殑缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)妯″瀷鍙互鐢ㄤ綔鐗瑰緛鎻愬彇鍣�锛屾垨鑰呰垏鏁村€嬬恫(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)閫茶寰(di脿o)銆傝垏鍌崇当(t菕ng)鐨勫湒鍍忓垎椤炵浉姣�锛岀窗绮掑害鍒嗛鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆嗚灏忓緱澶�锛涙澶栵紝灏嶄簬绱扮矑搴﹀垎椤炵殑鐢熺墿鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)鏀堕泦锛屼竴浜涚█鏈夌墿绋洠浠ユ媿鏀濓紝灏�(d菐o)鑷翠笉鍚岄鍒ョ殑鍦栫墖鏁�(sh霉)涓嶅潎鍕�锛涢€欎簺鍥犵礌浣垮緱寰為牠闁嬪瑷�(x霉n)绶寸窗绮掑害鍒嗛妯″瀷璁婂緱闈炲父鍥伴洠銆傛渶杩戯紝浣跨敤澶ц(gu墨)妯＄殑甯跺櫔缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)[20]渚嗗井瑾�(di脿o)缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屾垨浣跨敤澶ц(gu墨)妯＄窗绮掑害鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆哰6,21]渚嗗井瑾�(di脿o)灏忔暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆�锛屽畠鍊戠嵅寰椾簡浠や汉闆ｄ互缃俊鐨勫椹楃祼(ji茅)鏋�銆�

2.3澶氭绨藉(xu茅)缈�(x铆)

鍦ㄥ湒鍍忓垎椤炰腑锛屽妯欑敖瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)鐮旂┒鍠€嬪湒鐗囧悓鏅傚皪鎳�(y墨ng)涓€绲勬绨�锛岃€屽父瑕�(gu墨)鐨勫湒鍍忓垎椤炵爺绌跺柈鍊嬪湒鐗囧皪鎳�(y墨ng)涓€鍊嬫绨�銆傚湪鏌愮ó绋嬪害涓婏紝甯歌(gu墨)鐨勫湒鍍忓垎椤炲彲浠ヨ瑕栫偤澶氭绨藉(xu茅)缈�(x铆)鐨勭壒渚�銆傛垜鍊戠殑鏂规硶鍜屽妯欑敖瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)涔嬮枔瀛樺湪鍏╁€嬩富瑕佸樊鐣�銆傞鍏堬紝鍦ㄥ妯欑敖瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)涓�锛岄鍒ュ悜閲忕殑姣忓€嬬董搴﹁〃绀鸿┎椤炲垾鏄惁鍑虹従(xi脿n)銆傚亣瑷�(sh猫)瀛樺湪N鍊嬮鍒�锛屽墖澶氭绨介鍒ョ殑涓嶅悓绲勫悎褰㈠紡鍏锋湁2^N绋彲鑳芥€�銆傛垜鍊戜娇鐢ㄥ妯欑敖椤炲垾鐨勮〃绀鸿(gu墨)鍓囦締琛ㄧず绮楁绨斤紝浣嗘槸绮楁绨界殑鏁�(sh霉)閲忓皬浜嶯銆傚叾娆�锛屽湪澶氭绨藉(xu茅)缈�(x铆)涓�锛岀恫(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鐨勮几鍑烘槸澶氭绨藉悜閲�;鎴戝€戠殑鏂规硶浣跨敤绮楁绨戒綔鐐轰竴绋洠(ji膩n)鐫ｄ俊鎭紝鏈€绲傝几鍑烘槸鍠€嬫绨�銆�

3.鏂规硶

鎴戝€戝壍(chu脿ng)寤轰簡涓€绋柊鐨勭矖妯欑敖琛ㄧず锛屽彲浠ュ緢濂藉湴琛ㄧず涓嶅悓椤炲垾鍦ㄧ敓鐗╁垎椤炲(xu茅)涓婄殑鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鎬�銆傚悓鏅�锛屾垜鍊戞彁鍑轰簡涓€绋柊鐨勪唬鍍瑰嚱鏁�(sh霉)锛屼締鍒╃敤閫欑ó绮楁绨界洠(ji膩n)鐫ｄ俊鎭�锛屾彁鍗囩恫(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鐨勫垎椤炴€ц兘銆�

3.1绮楁绨借〃绀烘柟娉�

绮楁绨界殑姒傚康鑸囩窗妯欑敖鐩稿弽銆傚皪鍦栫墖涓殑涓€鍊嬪渚嬭€岃█锛岀窗妯欑敖浠ｈ〃瀹冩墍灞殑鐗瑰畾椤炲垾锛岀矖妯欑敖閫氬父鏄咕鍊嬬浉闂�(gu膩n)绱版绨界殑鍏卞悓妯欑敖锛屾垜鍊戦€氬父浣跨敤椤嶅鐨勬绨戒締鎻忚堪瀵︿緥鐨勭矖妯欑敖銆傞€欏皣鍦ㄥ瓨鍎蹭笂甯朵締椤嶅鐨勯枊閵�锛屽苟涓旈洠浠ヤ娇绮楁绨藉拰绱版绨藉湪瑷�(x霉n)绶存湡闁撳郊姝ゅ悎骞�銆�

CIFAR-100鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆嗙偤鎴戝€戞彁渚涗簡鍦栫墖鎵€灞殑椤炲拰瓒呴銆侰IFAR-100鏈�100鍊嬮锛屾瘡鍊嬮鍖呭惈600鍊嬪湒鍍�銆侰IFAR-100涓殑100鍊嬮琚垎鐐�20鍊嬭秴椤�銆傛瘡鍊嬪湒鍍忛兘甯舵湁涓€鍊嬧€滅窗鈥濇绨斤紙瀹冩墍灞殑椤烇級鍜屼竴鍊嬧€滅矖鈥濇绨斤紙瀹冩墍灞殑瓒呴锛�銆備緥濡傦紝涓€鍊嬪悕鐐篺ish鐨勮秴椤炴湁5鍊嬪瓙椤炲垾锛氭按鏃忛え榄�锛屾瘮鐩瓪锛屽皠绶�锛岄瘖榄氬拰楸掗瓪銆傚湪閫欑ó鎯呮硜涓嬶紝鎴戝€戜娇鐢ㄩ澶栫殑妯欑敖鈥渇ish鈥濅締琛ㄧず绮楁绨�銆傝〃1椤ず浜咰IFAR-100鐨勭窗妯欑敖鍜岀浉鎳�(y墨ng)绮楁绨�銆�

鍦ㄥ妯欑敖瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)涓紝鎴戝€戜娇鐢ㄩ鍒ュ悜閲忎締琛ㄧず瀵︿緥銆傚妯欑敖瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)鐮旂┒鍠€嬪渚嬭垏澶氬€嬫绨界浉闂�(gu膩n)鑱�(li谩n)銆傚亣瑷�(sh猫)绺藉叡鏈塏鍊嬮鍒�锛屽妯欑敖鍚戦噺鐨勪綅缃甶鐐�1锛岃〃绀鸿┎瀵︿緥灞簬椤瀒銆傝〃绀哄渚嬬殑N缍妯欑敖鍚戦噺濡備笅鎵€绀猴細

[0,0,1,0,0鈥�1,0,0,1,0,0]      (1)

鍦ㄧ窗绮掑害鍒嗛涓紝涓€鍊嬪渚嬭垏鍠€嬫绨界浉闂�(gu膩n)鑱�(li谩n)锛岄鍒ュ悜閲忔槸one-hot褰㈠紡銆傚亣瑷�(sh猫)绺藉叡鏈塏鍊嬮鍒�锛岄鍒ュ悜閲忕殑浣嶇疆i鐐�1锛岃〃绀鸿┎瀵︿緥灞簬椤瀒銆傝〃绀哄渚嬬殑N缍柈妯欑敖鍚戦噺濡備笅鎵€绀猴細

[0,0,0鈥�0,1,0,0,0,0]      (2)

姣忓€嬬窗妯欑敖鍍呮湁涓€鍊嬪皪鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭矖妯欑敖锛岃€屾瘡鍊嬬矖妯欑敖鑷冲皯灏嶆噳(y墨ng)涓€鍊嬬窗妯欑敖銆傛垜鍊戝亣瑷�(sh猫)绺藉叡鏈塏鍊嬬窗妯欑敖銆傚皪浜庢煇涓€鍊嬬矖妯欑敖锛屾垜鍊戝亣瑷�(sh猫)鏈塶鍊嬪皪鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭窗妯欑敖銆傞€檔鍊嬬窗妯欑敖鍒嗗垾鏄痑₁,a₂鈥_n銆傛垜鍊戜娇鐢ㄥ柈妯欑敖鍚戦噺渚嗚〃绀虹窗绮掑害妯欑敖锛岃€屽悜閲忕殑浣嶇疆i鏄�1锛岃〃绀哄畠灞簬椤瀒銆傛渶绲傜殑绮楁绨芥槸鎵€鏈夌浉鎳�(y墨ng)绱版绨界殑妯欑敖鍚戦噺鐨勫苟闆�銆傛晠琛ㄧず鏌愪竴瀵︿緥鐨凬缍矖妯欑敖鍚戦噺濡備笅鎵€绀猴細

[1,1,0,0鈥�0,0,1,0,0]      (3)

瑭茬矖妯欑敖灏嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勬墍鏈夌窗妯欑敖濡備笅锛�

[1,0,0,0鈥�0,0,0,0,0]      (4)

[0,1,0,0鈥�0,0,0,0,0]

鈥�

[0,0,0,0鈥�0,0,1,0,0]

鍦ㄧ敓鐗╁垎椤炲(xu茅)涓�锛岀敓鐗╅鍒ョ殑闂�(gu膩n)绯婚€氬父鐢辩埗瀛愮瘈(ji茅)榛炪€佸厔寮熺瘈(ji茅)榛炶〃绀�锛屽叾闇€瑕佸灞ゆü绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐢ㄤ簬瀛樺劜銆傛ü绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙互琛ㄧず瑷卞闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屼絾鏄€欑ó绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勯鍒ヤ俊鎭緢闆ｅ湪姗熷櫒瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)涓緱鍒版湁鏁堝埄鐢ㄣ€傚湪姗熷櫒瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)涓�锛屾墍浣跨敤鐨勭洠(ji膩n)鐫ｄ俊鎭€氬父鏄啊鍠殑椤炲垾妯欑敖鑰屼笉鏄京(f霉)闆滅殑鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆傜浉鍙嶏紝鎴戝€戞彁鍑虹殑绮楁绨借〃绀烘柟娉曡兘澶犺〃绀洪鍒ヤ箣闁撶殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆傚叿楂旇€岃█锛屾垜鍊戞彁鍑虹殑绮楁绨借〃绀哄寘鍚窗妯欑敖涔嬮枔鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)淇℃伅锛涢€欓噷鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)淇℃伅涓嶅儏鍖呮嫭绮楁绨借垏绱版绨戒箣闁撶殑鐖跺瓙闂�(gu膩n)绯伙紝閭勫寘鎷笉鍚岀窗妯欑敖涔嬮枔鐨勫厔寮熼棞(gu膩n)绯�銆�

3.2浠ｅ児鍑芥暩(sh霉)

鏈枃鎻愬嚭浜嗕竴绋柊鐨勪唬鍍瑰嚱鏁�(sh霉)渚嗗埄鐢ㄩ€欑ó绮楁绨界洠(ji膩n)鐫ｄ俊鎭�銆傝┎浠ｅ児鍑芥暩(sh霉)灏嘢igmoid浜ゅ弶鐔靛嚱鏁�(sh霉)鑸嘢oftmax浜ゅ弶鐔靛嚱鏁�(sh霉)绲�(ji茅)鍚�锛屽彲浠ュ緢濂藉湴鍒╃敤绮楁绨戒締鏀瑰杽绱版绨藉垎椤�銆傚湪娣卞害缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鐨勫(xu茅)缈�(x铆)涓�锛屼唬鍍瑰嚱鏁�(sh霉)鏄⿻浼拌〒(x霉n)绶存晥鏋滅殑閲嶈鎸囨锛岀恫(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鍙冩暩(sh霉)瑾�(di脿o)鏁寸殑鐩灏辨槸浣夸唬鍍瑰嚱鏁�(sh霉)鏈€灏忓寲銆傚湪鍗风⿳绁炵稉(j墨ng)缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鐨勮〒(x霉n)绶翠腑锛屽父鐢ㄧ殑浠ｅ児鍑芥暩(sh霉)鍖呮嫭Softmax浜ゅ弶鐔靛嚱鏁�(sh霉)锛孲igmoid浜ゅ弶鐔靛嚱鏁�(sh霉)绛夌瓑銆�

鎴戝€戝亣瑷�(sh猫)涓€鍊嬬缍�(j墨ng)缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鍏锋湁鍙冩暩(sh霉)胃锛岃几鍏ュ湒鍍忕偤x锛屾纰烘绨統锛屽叡鏈塏鍊嬪彲鑳界殑鍒嗛椤炲垾銆傜缍�(j墨ng)缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)灏嶄簬杓稿叆鍦栧儚x鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熺殑姊濅欢姒傜巼鐐簆胃锛坸锛�锛屽墖鎴戝€戝彲浠ヨ▓绠楁纰烘绨借垏姊濅欢姒傜巼涔嬮枔鐨剆oftmax浜ゅ弶鐔碉細

Sigmoid浜ゅ弶鐔垫槸闆㈡暎鍒嗛浠诲嫏(w霉)涓殑甯哥敤鎸囨锛岄€欓噷姣忓€嬮鏄崹绔�銆佷笖涓嶇浉浜掓帓鏂ョ殑銆備緥濡�锛屽湪澶氭绨藉垎椤炰换鍕�(w霉)涓�锛屼竴鍊嬪湒鐗囧彲浠ュ悓鏅傚寘鍚埧灞嬪拰妯�銆傚湪鍩轰簬绮楁绨界磩鏉熺殑绱扮矑搴﹀垎椤炰腑锛屽亣瑷�(sh猫)杓稿叆鍦栫墖x锛屼娇鐢ㄧ殑鏄柊鎻愬嚭鐨勭矖妯欑敖z浣滅偤姝ｇ⒑妯欑敖锛岀劧鍚庢垜鍊戣▓绠楁浠舵鐜噋胃锛坸锛�鍜寊涔嬮枔鐨剆igmoid浜ゅ弶鐔碉細

灏嶄簬涓€鍊嬭几鍏ュ湒鐗噚锛岀洠(ji膩n)鐫ｄ俊鎭偤绱版绨統锛岀矖妯欑敖z锛涘墖鏈€绲傜殑浠ｅ児鍑芥暩(sh霉)鐐猴細

鏈€绲傜殑浠ｅ児鍑芥暩(sh霉)鐢卞叐閮ㄥ垎绲勬垚锛岀涓€閮ㄥ垎鏄疞_softmax锛岀浜岄儴鍒嗘槸L_sigmoid銆傞’鐒�锛屽湪鍌崇当(t菕ng)鐨勫湒鍍忓垎椤炰腑锛屾垜鍊戦€氬父浣跨敤L_softmax浣滅偤浠ｅ児鍑芥暩(sh霉)銆傛墍浠ユ垜鍊戜娇鐢ㄧ窗妯欑敖鏈€灏忓寲L_softmax浠ｅ児鍑芥暩(sh霉)锛屽苟浣跨敤绮楁绨芥渶灏忓寲L_sigmoid銆傜矖妯欑敖鍖呭惈灞簬鐩稿悓绮楁绨界殑涓嶅悓绱版绨戒箣闁撶殑骞惰闂�(gu膩n)绯伙紱鍦ㄦ渶灏忓寲浠ｅ児鍑芥暩(sh霉)鐨勯亷绋嬩腑锛屾垜鍊戜娇鐢↙_sigmoid灏囩窗妯欑敖鐨勫垎椤為尟瑾ょ磩鏉熷湪鍚屼竴鍊嬬矖妯欑敖涓嬬殑绱版绨戒腑锛屽苟浣跨敤L_softmax浣挎ā鍨嬪(xu茅)缈�(x铆)濡備綍姝ｇ⒑鍒嗛绱版绨�銆傚弮鏁�(sh霉)a鍜宐鏄叐鍊嬭秴鍙冩暩(sh霉)锛屽畠鍊戞槸娓噺L_softmax鍜孡_sigmoid灏峀_final鐨勫奖闊挎瘮鐜�锛涙垜鍊戦€氬父灏嘺瑷�(sh猫)缃偤1锛屾敼璁奲鐨勬暩(sh霉)鍊笺€�

4.瀵﹂瑷�(sh猫)缃�

鎴戝€戜娇鐢ㄩ枊婧怲ensorFlow[22]鍜孭ytorch妗嗘灦渚嗗鐝�(xi脿n)锛屽湪澶氬€婲VIDIATITANXGPU涓婅〒(x霉n)绶存墍鏈夋ā鍨嬨€傛垜鍊戝皣绨¤浠嬬垂鏈枃涓娇鐢ㄧ殑涓夊€嬬窗绮掑害鍒嗛鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆嗗拰涓€鍊嬫婧栧湒鍍忓垎椤炴暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆�锛屾垜鍊戦倓灏囩啊瑕佷粙绱规湰鏂囦腑鐢ㄤ簬寰(di脿o)鐨勭缍�(j墨ng)缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)銆�

4.1鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆�

鏈枃閬稿彇浜嗕笁鍊嬩富娴佺殑绱扮矑搴﹀垎椤炴暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)搴獵UB銆丯ABirds銆丼tanfordDogs锛涘拰涓€鍊嬪父瑕�(gu墨)鐨勫湒鍍忓垎椤炴暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)搴獵IFAR-100浣滅偤娓⿻妯欐簴銆�

CUB鏈�5,994鍊嬭〒(x霉n)绶村湒鐗囧拰5,794鍊嬫脯瑭﹀湒鐗囷紝鍏�200椤�銆傛垜鍊戝彧瑙€瀵熼鍒ュ悕绋辩殑鍚庣洞鏄惁鐩稿悓锛岀劧鍚庡皣瀹冨€戝垎鎴�70鍊嬭秴椤�銆傚洜姝わ紝灏嶄簬CUB鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆�锛屽叡鏈�200鍊嬬窗妯欑敖鍜�70鍊嬬矖妯欑敖銆侼ABirds鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆嗗寘鍚�23,929鍊嬭〒(x霉n)绶村湒鐗囧拰24,633鍊嬫脯瑭﹀湒鐗�锛屽叡555椤�锛屾垜鍊戜娇鐢ㄧ浉鍚岀殑鏂规硶灏囧畠鍊戝垎鎴�156鍊嬭秴椤�銆係tanfordDogs鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆嗘湁12,000鍊嬭〒(x霉n)绶村湒鐗囧拰8,580鍊嬫脯瑭﹀湒鐗�锛屽叡120椤烇紝鎴戝€戜娇鐢ㄧ浉鍚岀殑鏂规硶灏囧畠鍊戝垎鎴�72鍊嬭秴椤�銆�

鎴戝€戦倓鍒╃敤妯欐簴鍦栧儚鍒嗛鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆咰IFAR-100閫茶鐮旂┒銆侰IFAR-100鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆嗘湁100鍊嬮锛屾瘡鍊嬮鍖呭惈600鍊嬪湒鐗�锛屽垎鍒ユ槸500鍊嬭〒(x霉n)绶村湒鍍忓拰100鍊嬫脯瑭﹀湒鍍忋€侰IFAR-100涓殑100鍊嬮琚垎鐐�20鍊嬭秴椤�銆傛瘡鍊嬪湒鍍忛兘甯舵湁涓€鍊嬧€滅窗鈥濇绨斤紙瀹冩墍灞殑椤烇級鍜屼竴鍊嬧€滅矖鈥濇绨斤紙瀹冩墍灞殑瓒呴锛�銆傛垜鍊戜娇鐢ㄥ畼鏂圭殑鍔冨垎浣滅偤鎴戝€戠殑鍒嗛妯欐簴銆備笂杩板洓鍊嬫暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆嗗湪琛�2涓垪鍑猴細

4.2缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)妗嗘灦

鎴戝€�?y艒u)妲块交鈧窗绮掑害鍒嗛鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)搴井瑾�(di脿o)涓夌ó椤炲瀷鐨勭恫(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鏋舵(g貌u)锛歏GG19[23]锛孯esnet50[15]鍜孖nception-V3[16]銆傛垜鍊�?y艒u)闂冭棿钑鍍忓垎椤炴暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆嗗井瑾�(di脿o)VGG19鍜學ideResidualNetwork[24]銆�

VGG.鍦ㄧ窗绮掑害鍒嗛涓紝VGG鏄竴鍊嬪父瑕嬬殑缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽浣跨敤VGG浣滅偤鐗瑰緛鎻愬彇鍣ㄧ殑Bilinear-CNN[18]銆俈GG閲囩敤浜嗘瘮AlexNet[25]鏇存繁鐨勭恫(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽畠鍦�2014骞碔LSVRC姣旇辰鐨勫畾浣嶅拰鍒嗛鍒嗗垾鐛插緱绗竴鍜岀浜屽悕銆俈GG缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)閫氬父鍏锋湁16-19灞�锛屽嵎绌嶆牳澶у皬鐐�3x3銆傛湰鏂囦娇鐢�19灞GG缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)銆�

ResidualNetwork.娈樺樊缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鍙湁鏁堢珐瑙ｆ搴︽秷澶憋紝骞朵娇缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鏈夋洿娣辩殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆傚湪鎴戝€戠殑瀵﹂涓�锛屾垜鍊戜娇鐢≧esNet50浣滅偤娈樺樊缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鐨勪唬琛�銆�

Inception-V3.Inception妯″鏈€鍒濇槸鍦℅oogleNet涓彁鍑虹殑锛涗箣鍚庨€氶亷寮曞叆BatchNormalization銆佹畼宸€ｆ帴绛夊収(n猫i)瀹�锛岄€茶鍎�(y艒u)鍖栥€傚湪鎴戝€戠殑瀵﹂涓�锛屾垜鍊戜娇鐢↖nception-V3缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)浣滅偤Inception绯诲垪鐨勪唬琛�

WideResidualNetwork.鐢变簬鏁堟灉濂界殑娈樺樊缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)閫氬父寰堟繁锛岃ū澶氭畼宸柈鍏冨彧鑳芥彁渚涘皯閲忔湁鏁堜俊鎭紝鎴栬€呭彧鏈夊皯閲忓鍙互鎻愪緵閲嶈淇℃伅銆備綔鑰呰獚鐐烘畼宸恫(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鐨勬晥鏋滀富瑕佷締鑷畼宸柈鍏�锛岃€屾繁搴﹀鍔犲彧鏄竴绋紨鍔�銆傚洜姝や粬娓涘皯浜嗘畼宸恫(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鐨勬繁搴︼紝澧炲姞浜嗙恫(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鐨勫搴�锛涗粬鎻愬嚭浜�16灞ょ殑WideResidualNetwork锛屽苟鍦ㄦ婧栧湒鍍忓垎椤炴暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆嗕笂鏁堟灉鑸�1000灞ょ殑娈樺樊缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鐩哥暥銆�

5.绲�(ji茅)鏋滃垎鏋�

5.1绱扮矑搴﹀垎椤炴暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆�

鎴戝€戦鍏堝湪涓夊€嬬窗绮掑害鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆嗕笂闁嬪睍瀵﹂锛屾垜鍊戝井瑾�(di脿o)涓夊€嬪湪ImageNet鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)搴笂闋�(y霉)瑷�(x霉n)绶寸殑缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)妯″瀷銆傛垜鍊戠殑瀵﹂鍒嗙偤鍏╁€嬫椹�锛岀涓€姝ユ槸鍍呬娇鐢ㄧ窗妯欑敖浣滅偤鐩�(ji膩n)鐫ｄ俊鎭紝绗簩姝ユ垜鍊戜娇鐢ㄧ矖妯欑敖浣滅偤鏂扮殑鐩�(ji膩n)鐫ｄ俊鎭�銆傚湪绗簩姝ヤ腑锛屾垜鍊戣ō(sh猫)缃唬鍍瑰嚱鏁�(sh霉)鐨勫叐鍊嬪弮鏁�(sh霉)a=1锛宐=1锛屽叾浣欒秴鍙冩暩(sh霉)瑷�(sh猫)缃垏绗竴姝ョ浉鍚�銆傚椹楃祼(ji茅)鏋滈’绀猴紝鎴戝€戠殑鏂规硶鍙互鎻愰珮浠讳綍鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆�銆佸湪浠讳綍闋�(y霉)瑷�(x霉n)绶寸恫(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)涓婄殑鎬ц兘銆傜祼(ji茅)鏋滆琛�3,4鍜�5銆�

浠UB鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆嗙偤渚�锛屽鏋滀娇鐢╒GG19闋�(y霉)瑷�(x霉n)绶存ā鍨�锛屼娇鐢ㄧ矖妯欑敖绱勬潫鍚庢簴纰虹巼鎻愰珮浜嗚繎7鍊嬬櫨鍒嗛粸锛屼娇鐢≧esNet50鎴朓nception-V3鎻愰珮浜�2鍊嬬櫨鍒嗛粸銆傚湪ImageNet鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)搴笂锛孷GG19鎬ц兘姣擱esNet50鎴朓nception-V3宸竴浜�锛岄€欒〃鏄嶸GG鐨勭壒寰佹彁鍙栬兘鍔涗笉濡俁esNet50鎴朓nception-V3锛屾垜鍊戦€氶亷寮曞叆绮楁绨界洠(ji膩n)鐫ｄ俊鎭悗锛屽ぇ澶ф敼鍠勪簡閫欎竴榛�锛涢€氶亷鎴戝€戠殑鏂规硶锛孷GG19鍙互閬斿埌鑸嘡esnet50鐩稿悓鐨勬晥鏋�銆傚湪锛�7锛変腑锛屼唬鍍瑰嚱鏁�(sh霉)鐢盿*L_softmax鍜宐*L_sigmoid绲勬垚锛屽弮鏁�(sh霉)a,b褰遍熆瀹冨€戝湪鍙嶅悜鍌虫挱鏅傜殑閫熷害姣斻€傛垜鍊戦€氬父灏嘺瑷�(sh猫)缃偤1锛岀劧鍚庢洿鏀筨銆傚鏋渂澶т簬a锛屽墖Sigmoid浜ゅ弶鐔电殑褰遍熆鏇村ぇ銆傚湪鎴戝€戠殑瀵﹂涓�锛屾垜鍊戠櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)閫氬父瑷�(sh猫)缃産鐨勫€煎ぇ浜巃锛岄€欎娇寰楃恫(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鏈夋洿濂界殑绲�(ji茅)鏋�锛涢€欏皣灏�(d菐o)鑷存渶绲傚鍔犺繎涓€鍊嬬櫨鍒嗛粸銆備緥濡�锛岀暥鎴戝€戜娇鐢↖nception-V3渚嗗井瑾�(di脿o)鍏锋湁绮楁绨界磩鏉熺殑CUB鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆嗘檪锛屾垜鍊戣ō(sh猫)缃産=2锛屾渶绲傜祼(ji茅)鏋滄瘮b=1楂�0.6锛�銆備絾鏄�锛屽浣曢伕鎿囧弮鏁�(sh霉)a锛宐鐨勫€间粛鐒堕渶瑕佹墜鍕曡(di脿o)鏁�銆傜偤浜嗙嵅寰楁洿濂界殑鎬ц兘锛岀暥鎴戝€戜娇鐢ㄤ笉鍚岀殑妯″瀷寰(di脿o)涓嶅悓鐨勬暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆嗘檪锛屽弮鏁�(sh霉)鍊兼瘮渚嬪苟涓嶇浉鍚�锛屽洜姝ゆ垜鍊戝湪涓婅堪瀵﹂涓兘瑷�(sh猫)缃產=1锛宐=1銆�

5.2妯欐簴鍦栧儚鍒嗛鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)闆�

鍦ㄦ婧栧湒鍍忓垎椤炴暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)搴獵IFAR-100涓�锛屾垜鍊戜娇鐢ㄥ叐鍊嬪嵎绌嶇缍�(j墨ng)缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)VGG19鍜學ideResidualNetwork瑭曚及鎴戝€戠殑鏂规硶銆侰IFAR-100鏈�100鍊嬬窗椤炲拰20鍊嬭秴椤�锛屾瘡鍊嬭秴椤炲寘鍚簲鍊嬫洿绮剧窗鐨勫瓙椤炪€傚椹楃祼(ji茅)鏋滆琛�6.

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