Summary

The PCI inductive angular positioning system currently represents the most efficient and most elegant sensor solution for rotary joints and slewing bearings due to its outstanding characteristics. No existing alternatives are capable of combining such essential characteristics in a single system. The non-contact system operates free of wear, does not require any additional mechanisms and produces valid absolute values without slipping, immediately after switching on. The sensor system is insusceptible to the adhesion of metal abrasion, not affected by bearing grease and insensitive to a variety of adverse ambient conditions, including heat, sand and dust on solar power plants in the desert, the aggressive saltwater environment of off-shore wind farms, or dirt, oil and grease on cranes, loading units or special vehicles. These properties form a solid foundation for many years of reliable operation and help reduce maintenance costs.

摘要

      PCI電感式角定位系統(tǒng)因其自身特點(diǎn)，目前是回轉(zhuǎn)軸承最有效和最優(yōu)雅的旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭傳感器解決方案。目前還沒(méi)有一個(gè)獨(dú)立系統(tǒng)可結(jié)合與其同等的基本特征和能力。非接觸式的系統(tǒng)保證了無(wú)磨損運(yùn)作，不需要任何額外的機(jī)械裝置便可輸出有效的絕對(duì)位置值，信號(hào)輸出無(wú)延遲。該傳感器系統(tǒng)不會(huì)因金屬磨損而出錯(cuò)，不受軸承油脂影響結(jié)果，適用于多樣的極端環(huán)境，包括熱，沙子和沙漠中太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電廠遭受的灰塵，海上風(fēng)廠的鹽水環(huán)境，裝載部件或特種車輛以及起重機(jī)上的污垢和油膩。這些特性形成了其多年可靠運(yùn)行的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)，并有助于降低維修成本。

Inductive angular positioning system designed for heavy machine construction

專為重型機(jī)械制造設(shè)計(jì)的電感式角定位系統(tǒng)

Inductive sensor systems are characterized by their exceptional robustness and resistance to dirt, oil, grease and humidity under difficult ambient conditions. The fact that even large solar and wind power plants as well as marine engineering and port systems technology can benefit from these advantages provides an interesting insight into how the inductive measuring system has developed. The system was designed for measuring angular positions on rotary joints and slewing bearings with diameters ranging from half a meter to approximately four meters.

      電感式傳感器系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)是其出色的堅(jiān)固性與抵抗污垢，油，油脂和濕度以及惡劣的工作環(huán)境。事實(shí)上，只有大型的太陽(yáng)能和風(fēng)力發(fā)電廠以及海洋工程和港口系統(tǒng)技術(shù)才能能夠受益于它的這些優(yōu)勢(shì)，從而令電感式測(cè)量系統(tǒng)如何開(kāi)發(fā)成了一個(gè)有趣的話題。該系統(tǒng)是專為測(cè)量旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭和軸承的角位置，直徑范圍從0.5米到4米不等。

The Position Coding System (PCI) is an inductive angular positioning system from Pepperl+Fuchs that is a further development of the PMI series manufactured by the same company. Numerous coil/oscillating circuit systems positioned closely beside one another use an intelligent microcontroller control interface to measure the position of metal target elements (Fig. 2) with a high degree of precision and form the basis of both series. Current systems are only capable of detecting one metal target object that moves along a linear or circular trajectory depending on the sensor type. When this method of measured value acquisition is employed, the size of the measurement range or the shaft diameter is restricted to the physical expansion of the sensor because the measurement target must always be located above the inductively sensitive coil/oscillating circuit. The inductive linear measuring systems that incorporate PMI technology currently achieve a maximum measurement range of 1000 mm, while the inductive PMI angular positioning system is suitable for maximum shaft diameters of 40 millimeters.

      位置編碼系統(tǒng)（PCI）是由德國(guó)倍加福由PMI系列基礎(chǔ)上研發(fā)出的電感式角定位系統(tǒng)。多個(gè)線圈/振蕩電路系統(tǒng)的定緊密排放，通過(guò)智能微控制器對(duì)金屬目標(biāo)物進(jìn)行高精度測(cè)量（圖2）。目前的系統(tǒng)依據(jù)傳感器類型只能探測(cè)沿直線或圓形軌跡移動(dòng)的金屬目標(biāo)物。當(dāng)采取這兩種測(cè)量值的綜合方法時(shí)，測(cè)量范圍或軸的直徑僅限于傳感器的物理擴(kuò)張，因?yàn)闇y(cè)量的目標(biāo)，必須始終位于敏感的電感線圈/振蕩電路的上方。電感式線性測(cè)量系統(tǒng)采用了PMI技術(shù)，目前最大的測(cè)量范圍達(dá)到1000毫米，而電感式PMI的角度定位系統(tǒng)為軸直徑40毫米最為合適。

Clever coding pushes the limits智能編碼應(yīng)用更為廣泛

The new PCI system is not affected by this restriction and is therefore suitable for application areas involving much larger spatial dimensions. The sensor now doubles up as a reading head which

measures the position of a moving code rail that allows a sensor head with multiple lengths. A row of steel pins serving is secured to the backing material on the code rail as targets. The pins are arranged on the code rail in pairs so that the reading head detects a minimum of one pair of targets at all times. In addition, each pair is characterized by a gap with a specific distance that appears only once along the entire code rail, e.g. 80 mm. The code rail and reading head are adapted perfectly to one another and the absolute position of each gap is stored in the software in the reading head.

      新型PCI系統(tǒng)不受限制，適合大空間尺度的應(yīng)用。該傳感器現(xiàn)有兩部分組成，一個(gè)移動(dòng)編碼帶、一個(gè)測(cè)量編碼位置的讀取頭，從而能進(jìn)行多種長(zhǎng)度的測(cè)量。一排鐵條分布在碼帶上沖當(dāng)被測(cè)的目標(biāo)物。這些鐵條成對(duì)安置在碼帶上，使代碼的讀取頭在任何時(shí)候都能檢測(cè)出至少一對(duì)目標(biāo)物。此外，每一對(duì)鐵條之間保證特定的距離，在整個(gè)編碼帶上只出現(xiàn)一次，例如，相差80毫米。編碼帶與讀取頭彼此配合得天衣無(wú)縫，每個(gè)空隙的絕對(duì)位置存儲(chǔ)于讀取頭的軟件中。

The sensor is therefore capable of calculating the current position of the code rail accurately at any time via a two-stage evaluation process. Initially the sensor detects the target pair gap above the reading head for purposes of general positioning, e.g. the gap L5 with distance of 80 mm, so that the system knows that the position of the target nearest to the reference is located at an absolute position of 680 mm, for example. Fine positioning is performed in a second step, whereby the remaining distance between the target nearest to the original position and the reference point on the reading head are added together. (Fig. 2: if the residual distance were 30 mm, the end result would be 680 mm + 30 mm = 710 mm.)

      因此，通過(guò)兩個(gè)階段的評(píng)估，該傳感器可隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算碼帶的精確位置。起初，傳感器檢測(cè)目標(biāo)物成對(duì)間距的目的是為了定位，例如：L5空隙的距離是80毫米，系統(tǒng)因此知最接近參考點(diǎn)的目標(biāo)物的實(shí)際位置是在680毫米的絕對(duì)位置上。精細(xì)定位在第二個(gè)步驟的執(zhí)行中，加上剩余的距離，即讀取頭的參考點(diǎn)和距離參考點(diǎn)最近的目標(biāo)物之間的距離（圖2：如果剩余的距離為30毫米，最終的結(jié)果將是680毫米+ 30毫米= 710毫米。）

Absolute measuring, non-contact and wear-free絕對(duì)測(cè)量，非接觸，無(wú)磨損

The Position Coding System is suitable for slewing bearings with diameters of 0.5...4 meters and allows direct, slip-free angle detection on large rotary joints. The absolute measuring principle make the current position available immediately after the coding system is restarted or switched on. Reference runs are not necessary after maintenance, faults or failure of the power supply. The measurement range extends from 1,500 to 12,000 millimeters, depending on the sensor version and the specified bearing diameters. With an absolute direction resolution of ±1 mm along the circumference, the system can achieve angle resolutions between 0.24° and 0.03°. Angle speeds of 3°/sec to 12°/sec are achieved at a signal refresh rate of 36 ms, depending on the bearing diameter and required measurement accuracy. The sensor is ideal for outdoor application due to the robust mechanical design and integral temperature compensation feature.

      位置編碼系統(tǒng)適合0.5 ... 4米直徑的軸承，允許直接、自由滑移、大型旋轉(zhuǎn)節(jié)點(diǎn)的角度檢測(cè)。絕對(duì)位置測(cè)量的原理令編碼系統(tǒng)重啟或開(kāi)啟后的當(dāng)前位置立即可得。維修、故障或電力供應(yīng)中斷后無(wú)需參考運(yùn)行。根據(jù)傳感器的版本和指定的軸承直徑，測(cè)量范圍從1500到12000毫米。該系統(tǒng)沿絕對(duì)圓周方向精度± 1毫米，可以達(dá)到0.24 °和0.03°的角分辨率精度。根據(jù)軸承的直徑和測(cè)量精度要求，3 ° /秒至12 ° /秒的速度角下可以實(shí)現(xiàn)每36毫秒一次的信號(hào)刷新率。該傳感器具有堅(jiān)固的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)和整體溫度補(bǔ)償功能，是戶外應(yīng)用的理想選擇。

The code rail can be mounted either directly on the bearing or on the bearing flange. The maximum read distance of 5mm gives the measuring system a high guide tolerance. Compared to magnetic systems that operate with air gap sizes of only 0.1...1.5 millimeters, this read distance can be considered more than adequate. Problems arising from abrasive effects caused by dirt and sand or even metallic friction between targets and the reading head can therefore be prevented depending on the system. The system can easily compensate for corresponding changes in distance caused by mechanical imbalances during operation (Fig. 3).
      該編碼帶可以直接安裝在軸承或軸承法蘭上。讀取的最大距離為5mm令測(cè)量系統(tǒng)具備了較高的容錯(cuò)性。與氣隙距離僅0.1 ...1.5毫米的磁性系統(tǒng)相比，這個(gè)讀取距離已經(jīng)綽綽有余。由于目標(biāo)物和讀取頭之間的灰塵、沙子或金屬摩擦磨損引起的問(wèn)題，可以通過(guò)系統(tǒng)設(shè)置而有效防止。該系統(tǒng)可以輕松地彌補(bǔ)操作過(guò)程中的機(jī)械不平衡（圖3）引起的距離變化。

Ideal properties for harsh outdoor applications惡劣戶外應(yīng)用的理想特性

The inductive sensor system is suitable for applications in the renewable energy, marine engineering and port system equipment and commercial or special vehicle construction industries. In solar power plants, solar trackers enable the cell panels to follow the path of the sun. The described measuring system for controlling the azimuth angle in solar tracker applications has already been used with great success. In solar thermal power plants with a concentration of direct solar radiation, countless parabolic mirror systems must be continuously moved to direct the sunlight accurately towards the central absorber. Nowadays, solar thermal plants are becoming larger and larger and are focusing more and more on maximizing energy yield and efficiency. Reliable sensor systems are making an important contribution to the overall cost-effectiveness of these plants.

      電感傳感器系統(tǒng)適用于可再生能源，海洋工程和港口系統(tǒng)設(shè)備和商業(yè)建筑等行業(yè)或特殊車輛的應(yīng)用。在太陽(yáng)能電站，太陽(yáng)能跟蹤讓太陽(yáng)能板時(shí)時(shí)追蹤太陽(yáng)路徑。我們的測(cè)量系統(tǒng)成功應(yīng)用在控制太陽(yáng)的方位角跟蹤系統(tǒng)。在太陽(yáng)熱能廠，太陽(yáng)光能的輻射需要集中，無(wú)數(shù)鏡面系統(tǒng)就必須不斷轉(zhuǎn)移、準(zhǔn)確地吸收陽(yáng)光，直接集中到中央吸收器。如今，太陽(yáng)能熱電廠的規(guī)模正在變得越來(lái)越大，以能源產(chǎn)量的最大化和效率為重點(diǎn)�？煽康膫鞲衅飨到y(tǒng)正為工廠的整體成本效益做出重要貢獻(xiàn)。

The PCI inductive angular positioning system can also be used for several different applications in wind power plants. First of all, for measuring the current angular position on the large rotary joint that supports the entire turbine and can reach diameters of up to four meters. The system can also be used on the rotor blades, whose pitch angle can also be modified. Modifications to the pitch angle can influence the incident flow in the required way when the rotor starts or during active braking sequences. The bearings on the rotor blades can still reach diameters of about one meter.

      PCI電感式角定位系統(tǒng)也可用于風(fēng)力發(fā)電廠的幾個(gè)不同的應(yīng)用。首先，測(cè)量支持整個(gè)風(fēng)機(jī)的大型旋轉(zhuǎn)部件的當(dāng)前角度位置，可以達(dá)到4米直徑的角度位置。該系統(tǒng)也可用于風(fēng)機(jī)的葉片，控制傾斜角度。在引擎啟動(dòng)或制動(dòng)過(guò)程中，傾角的修改能夠按需求影響氣流。轉(zhuǎn)子的軸承仍然可以達(dá)到約一米直徑。

Other important application areas include the commercial vehicle, special vehicle, marine engineering and port systems technology sectors. Various load and slewing cranes, lifting and working platforms, loading units, rotary fire service ladders etc. form the backbone of operational logistics processes as well as other activities. The plants are permanently exposed to moisture, dirt, dust, oil and grease and failures cost the operating company a great deal of money.

      其他重要的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域包括商用車輛，特種車輛，海洋工程和港口系統(tǒng)科技行業(yè)，不同的負(fù)載和起重機(jī)，升降機(jī)和工作平臺(tái)，裝載部件，旋轉(zhuǎn)的消防云梯等構(gòu)成了物流操作過(guò)程以及其他活動(dòng)的中流砥柱。這些工廠長(zhǎng)年累月地暴露在潮濕，污垢，灰塵，油脂和故障的環(huán)境中，給公司運(yùn)營(yíng)造成了大量的資金損失。

Inductive measuring principle fears no comparison電感應(yīng)式測(cè)量原理的優(yōu)越性

With angle speeds of up to 12°/sec, the dynamics of the sensor system are adapted to the target application areas of industrial and heavy machine construction. An RS232 interface is fitted as standard to transfer the measured values, although the standards used in the relevant applications and major projects depend heavily on the respective industry and the technical control environment. The modular structure of the angular positioning system enables both mechanical adaptation to the specific customer application as well as modification of the interface to match the corresponding control technology.

      隨著高達(dá)12 ° /秒的角速度，傳感器系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)力學(xué)適用于工業(yè)和重型機(jī)械建設(shè)的目標(biāo)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。雖然有關(guān)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和重大項(xiàng)目的應(yīng)用很大程度上取決于各自的行業(yè)和技術(shù)的控制環(huán)境，一個(gè)RS232接口適合傳輸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)裝備的測(cè)量值。該角定位系統(tǒng)的模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)，允許按照特定客戶的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行機(jī)械調(diào)整和界面的修改，以配合相應(yīng)的控制技術(shù)。

From a cost perspective, the inductive sensor system is comparable to a magnetic system, only without disadvantages such as the small, sensitive air gap, residual magnetism that changes with the temperature and sensitivity to magnetic interference fields and metallic abrasion. The new sensor offers cost advantages over rotary encoder solutions because the absolute rotary encoder and the cost-intensive installation of the mechanical encoder coupling using components such as transmission gears or a friction wheel are no longer required. Friction wheels are also a potential source of failure due to their susceptibility to wear.

      從成本的角度來(lái)看，電感式傳感器系統(tǒng)相當(dāng)于電磁系統(tǒng)，但是不具有氣隙高靈敏度，剩磁隨溫度變化，對(duì)電磁干擾和金屬磨損敏感等這些不利因素。新型傳感器較旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器提供了更具成本優(yōu)勢(shì)的解決方案，因?yàn)榻^對(duì)值旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器和編碼器機(jī)械耦合所需的昂貴配件，如傳動(dòng)齒輪或摩擦輪組件，都不再需要。摩擦輪同時(shí)也是系統(tǒng)磨損的潛在來(lái)源。

Fig. 1: The PCI Position Coding System facilitates the non-contact detection of rotation angles on slewing bearings used in renewable energy systems, marine engineering and port systems technology as well as commercial and special vehicle construction.

Fig. 2: Functional principle – The system of coils does not require permanent magnets to measure the absolute rotation angle. The distance traveled is measured with reference to the positions of the steel pins along a code rail, which are stored in the sensor.

Fig. 3: The large reading distance of 5 mm safeguards against failures caused by dirt and guarantees sufficient tolerance to imbalances or concentricity errors.