開(kāi)關(guān)，路由器，集線器，網(wǎng)關(guān)，連接器和其他以太網(wǎng)硬件已被通過(guò)工業(yè)化的手段變得易于生產(chǎn)制造。 　　工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)硬件可以不用在圍欄中就能承受大負(fù)荷，允許較短的電纜在簡(jiǎn)易的分布式（勝于集中式設(shè)計(jì)）設(shè)計(jì)中運(yùn)行，這要比在商業(yè)水準(zhǔn)的以太網(wǎng)開(kāi)關(guān)，路由器，集線器，網(wǎng)關(guān)和接線器上運(yùn)行更可靠。工業(yè)額定電壓（如NEMA 4x 或IP67更高）應(yīng)用在以太網(wǎng)硬件中，意味著設(shè)備可以處理極致溫度（如-40到85 °C）甚至是處理液體和塵土，以及性能維修而達(dá)到更長(zhǎng)的使用年限。 　　如果商業(yè)以太網(wǎng)設(shè)備都是可靠且性能良好的，則足以利用其可靠性。此外，較高的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)成本將會(huì)平均減少，阻止過(guò)程中斷以及數(shù)據(jù)損失，綜上全部取決于應(yīng)用。例如，西科系統(tǒng)有限公司，著名的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)設(shè)備供應(yīng)商，是行業(yè)企業(yè)中完成嚴(yán)峻工業(yè)環(huán)境挑戰(zhàn)的公司之一。西科與霍尼韋爾、羅克韋爾自動(dòng)化達(dá)成了穩(wěn)步協(xié)議，共同在應(yīng)用過(guò)程和離散制造操作過(guò)程中最大程度地理解客戶(hù)需求。 工業(yè)包裝 奧普?qǐng)D高級(jí)技術(shù)顧問(wèn)Tom Edwards承認(rèn)：包裝也能夠創(chuàng)造奇跡。此舉使得以太網(wǎng)硬件更適合于工業(yè)環(huán)境。許多不需要支架的設(shè)備尤其適合工業(yè)安裝，如果在這些設(shè)置類(lèi)型中其可以被保護(hù)不再經(jīng)受來(lái)自正常的撞擊和刮傷。許多工業(yè)設(shè)備的額外費(fèi)用就是包裝費(fèi)，把硬件放入合適的19-架里，這樣雖然產(chǎn)生費(fèi)用但是可以避免硬件受損。 Tyco Electronics產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理Greg Paukert說(shuō)“為了使以太網(wǎng)設(shè)備工業(yè)化，Tyco Electronics公司使用的都是緊湊的耐沖擊塑料和橡膠原料，密封效果非常好，可阻止來(lái)自多種化學(xué)物品的侵蝕，包括水，產(chǎn)品使用的性能周期可達(dá)10年到20年。 “當(dāng)人們?cè)诳紤]工業(yè)額定電壓時(shí)，他們考慮更多的是硬件能否在非常惡劣的環(huán)境下操作，”AutomationDirect 通信產(chǎn)品部經(jīng)理C hris Harris說(shuō)，各種各樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將應(yīng)用于以太網(wǎng)工業(yè)環(huán)境中。 Harris說(shuō)：“工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)硬件可在極端的溫度條件下進(jìn)行操作，符合電涌（IEEE-472），極限振動(dòng)（IEC 68-2-6）和在危險(xiǎn)區(qū)域[UL 1604, CSA C22.2/213 （Class 1, Div. 2）]?！? Moxa技術(shù)公司產(chǎn)品營(yíng)銷(xiāo)經(jīng)理Eddie Lee說(shuō)，設(shè)計(jì)差異意味著工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)開(kāi)關(guān)的說(shuō)明書(shū)中描述的通常是現(xiàn)行等級(jí)設(shè)備額定功率的2倍到3倍。擁有Class 1, Div. 2的額定功率的工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)可在存在可燃?xì)怏w或化學(xué)粒子存在的危險(xiǎn)區(qū)域中操作，如在油氣中，半導(dǎo)體中，紙漿和其它市場(chǎng)。 施耐德在北美的自動(dòng)化產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理Richard Hutton說(shuō)：“開(kāi)關(guān)的頻率是多大通常很重要，如果一個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)或是電纜被頻繁的接通，那就要求更多粗糙的連接點(diǎn)或是設(shè)備。 信號(hào)干擾 Beckhoff自動(dòng)化I/O系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理Skip Hansen解釋說(shuō)：“變頻驅(qū)動(dòng)器通常與感應(yīng)加熱器的噪音可能要伴隨著焊接工。使用的開(kāi)關(guān)應(yīng)具備安裝在控制盒或是單獨(dú)固定的能力。單獨(dú)固定的情況下，開(kāi)關(guān)要出具證明通過(guò)IP67級(jí)保護(hù)?！? Phoenix Contact自動(dòng)化美國(guó)業(yè)務(wù)部產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理Larry Komarek說(shuō)：“其它產(chǎn)生工業(yè)電氣噪音的設(shè)備還包括：螺線管，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和過(guò)程控制器。工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)設(shè)備是按照IEC1000-4系列說(shuō)明書(shū)設(shè)計(jì)的，比商業(yè)設(shè)備所產(chǎn)生的噪音要低2倍到3倍，商用設(shè)備則是按照EN 55024 和50082-1說(shuō)明書(shū)設(shè)計(jì)的。（待續(xù)） original text [COLOR=#708090]Who Puts the ‘Industrial’ in Ethernet? Switches, routers, hubs, gateways, connectors, and other Ethernet hardware have been industrially hardened to take what manufacturing can dish out. Industrial Ethernet hardware can take plant-floor punishment without pampering in enclosures, allowing shorter cable runs with simpler distributed （rather than centralized） designs, and higher reliability than commercial-level Ethernet switches, routers, hubs, gateways, and connectors. Industrial ratings （such as NEMA 4x or IP67 and beyond） applied to Ethernet hardware mean that equipment can handle temperature extremes （as much as -40 to 85 °C）, and even liquid and dust, and maintain reliable performance for years instead of months. If commercial Ethernet devices are reliably enclosed and cooled, that might be enough to preserve reliability. Beyond that, higher costs for industrial design will cut down on mean time between failures, possibly preventing a process interruption or data loss. It all depends on the application. Cisco Systems Inc., for instance, while well-known in various network application spaces, is among companies that realize that industrial environments pose rugged challenges. Cisco forged agreements with Honeywell and Rockwell Automation, who have greater understanding of customer needs in process and discrete manufacturing operations. Industrial wrapping Enclosures can work wonders, admits Tom Edwards, senior technical advisor, Opto 22. Edwards contends that installation is mainly “what makes Ethernet hardware suitable for industrial environments…. Most of the off-the-shelf equipment is perfectly suitable for industrial installation if it can be protected from the normal bumps and scrapes ... in these types of settings. Most of the extra cost of ‘industrial’ equipment is the packaging added to keep it from being damaged and to make it fit in a 19-in. rack.” To make an Ethernet device industrial, says Greg Paukert, product manager, Tyco Electronics, using impact resistant plastics and rubber materials “seals against many chemicals including water to give the product a 10- to 20-year performance life.” Connectors that use a positive locking coupling system ensure the interconnection is “fully-engaged and properly mated,” Paukert adds. When people think of industrial grade, they think of hardware that can operate under the harshest conditions, says Chris Harris, communications product manager, AutomationDirect. Various standards apply to making Ethernet industrial. “Industrial hardware is expected to operate properly even when subjected to extreme temperatures, power surges （IEEE-472）, extreme vibration （IEC 68-2-6）, and when in hazardous locations UL 1604, CSA C22.2/213 （Class 1, Div. 2）,” Harris says. Signal interference Design differences, says Eddie Lee, national product sales manager, Moxa Technologies Inc., mean that “specifications of industrial Ethernet switches usually are two to three times stronger than the ratings found in comparable office grade equipment.” The Class 1, Div. 2 rating for industrial Ethernet switches allows operation in hazardous locations where combustible gases or particles may be present, Lee says, such as in oil and gas, semiconductor, pulp and paper, and other markets. How often a switch is exposed also makes a difference, says, Richard Hutton, automation product manager, Schneider Electric North America. “If a switch or cable is being accessed frequently, a more rugged connection point or device is required.” Skip Hansen, I/O systems product manager, Beckhoff Automation, explains that a “noisy environment may be one with welders, variable frequency drives （VFDs） and induction heaters. The switches used should have the ability to be mounted in a control cabinet or stand alone. In the case of stand-alone, switches certified to the IP67 protection class should be considered.” Other contributors to industrial electrical noise include solenoids, motors, and motion controls, says Larry Komarek, Phoenix Contact automation product manager, Americas Business Unit. “Industrial Ethernet devices designed to the IEC 61000-4 series of specifications have two to three times higher electrical noise immunity than commercial devices, which are typically designed to the EN 55024 and 50082-1 specifications,” Komarek says. Paukert from Tyco says expects more use of “shielded, plated plastic receptacles for >20dB down shield effectiveness.”[/COLOR]